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Rent control is often proposed as a solution to high housing costs, with proponents arguing that it protects tenants from sudden rent increases and displacement. However, as economic research has repeatedly shown, the long-term effects of rent control can be deeply damaging—not only to landlords but also to the very tenants these policies are meant to help. The article Rent Control from the Library of Economics and Liberty provides a comprehensive overview of why rent control fails and the broader economic consequences of such policies.
Economists across the ideological spectrum agree: price controls lead to shortages. When the government caps rental prices, it disrupts the natural balance of supply and demand. Landlords, unable to charge market rates, often respond by reducing maintenance and investment in their properties, leading to a decline in housing quality over time. Meanwhile, developers are discouraged from building new rental units, exacerbating housing shortages.
As the article notes, a study of New York’s rent control policies found that the artificial suppression of rents resulted in “housing deterioration and a decline in the quantity and quality of available rental units.” The same pattern has been observed in cities around the world, from Stockholm to San Francisco.
While rent control may provide short-term relief to current tenants, it disproportionately benefits those who are lucky enough to secure a controlled unit, often at the expense of newcomers and lower-income individuals. Long-term tenants who stay in rent-controlled units enjoy below-market rates, but younger generations, new residents, and those searching for affordable housing find fewer available options. In cities with strict rent control, landlords are incentivized to keep units off the market or convert them into condominiums, further limiting rental housing availability.
The article highlights research showing that rent-controlled units tend to be occupied by higher-income individuals who could afford market rates, while those in need of affordable housing are locked out of the market entirely. This creates an inefficient allocation of housing, where those with means enjoy the benefits of rent control while those most in need are left struggling to find a home.
Numerous studies support the conclusion that rent control leads to housing market distortions. The 2018 Stanford study on San Francisco’s rent control policy found that while existing tenants benefited, landlords removed 15% of the rental housing stock by converting units into condominiums or other forms of housing. The result? An overall increase in rental prices due to the reduced supply.
Additionally, a 1992 study published in the Journal of Urban Economics found that rent control in New York City led to a 20% reduction in the number of available rental units, worsening affordability in the long run.
Instead of rent control, policymakers should focus on solutions that increase the supply of housing. Streamlining development regulations, reducing permitting costs, and incentivizing construction are more effective ways to address affordability concerns. Programs that provide direct subsidies to low-income renters—such as housing vouchers—offer targeted assistance without distorting the housing market.
While rent control is often politically popular, it ultimately undermines the goal of affordable housing by discouraging investment, reducing housing supply, and creating economic inefficiencies. As the Library of Economics and Liberty article makes clear, the economic consensus is overwhelming: rent control does more harm than good.
For tenant advocacy groups and policymakers genuinely committed to addressing housing affordability, the focus should be on increasing the housing supply rather than imposing market-distorting regulations. If we want real, sustainable solutions for renters, we must look beyond feel-good policies and embrace economic reality.
References:
All Rights Reserved | tlc-monterey.org
Formed in 2023, the Tenant-Landlord Coalition (TLC), is a growing group of concerned citizens seeking to promote the mutually beneficial exchange between renters and property owners with a minimal and limited amount of government intervention. Our group is comprised of both tenants and landlords who recognize the negative effects of rental registries, rent stabilization, rent control and how it diminishes the availability of suitable and affordable housing for both renters and buyers.